Basic of Computer hardware

Basic of Computer hardware

     1. A monitor, a motherboard, a CPU, RAM, two expansion cards, a power supply, an optical disc drive, a hard disc drive, a keyboard, and a mouse are all basic hardware components of a personal computer. 

 2. The software usually directs the hardware to carry out any command or instruction.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The features of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) are as follows:

               1. The central processing unit (CPU) is the computer's brain. 

               2. It keeps track of data, interim outcomes, and directions (program). 

               3. It is in charge of the computer's overall functionality.

               4. It is responsible for all data processing operations.

                         The CPU itself is made up of three parts. 

                                    1. Memory or Storage Unit 

                                    2. Control Unit 

                                    3. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) 

 

Memory or Storage Unit

The memory unit's functions are as follows: 

                 1. It holds all of the necessary data and instructions for processing.

                 2.It keeps track of the processing's interim results.

                 3.The main memory receives and transmits all inputs and outputs.

Control Unit

                 1. It is in charge of controlling the transfer of data and instructions between the various components of a computer.

                 2. It manages and coordinates all of the computer's units.

                 3. It does not process or store data. 

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely, 

                     1. Arithmetic Section

                     2. Logic Section

Arithmetic Section

 Arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are performed in the arithmetic area.

Logic Section

The logic section's job is to compare, select, match, and merge data.

Input Devices

             The following are some of the most common input devices found in computers:

                                    1. Keyboard

                                2. Mouse 

                                3. JoyStick

                                4. Light pen

                                5. Track Ball

                                6. Scanner

                                7. Graphic Tablet

                                8. Microphone

                                9. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

                               10. Optical Character Reader (OCR)

                               11. Bar Code Reader

                               12. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

 

Output Devices

The following are some of the most common computer output devices.

                                      1. Monitor

                                      2. Graphic Plotter 

                                      3. Printer

Monitors

               1. Monitors, also known as Visual Display Units (VDUs), are a computer's primary output device. 

               2. It creates images by arranging small dots, known as pixels, in a rectangular pattern.

         3. The amount of pixels determines the image's sharpness.

Printers

         A printer is a type of output device that prints data on paper.

Memory

               1. A memory is similar to the human brain.

      2. It's helps to store your data and instructions .

               There are three types of memory.

                  1. Cache Memory

                  2. Memory/Main Memory 

                  3. Secondary Memory

Cache Memory

               1. Cache memory is a type of high-speed semiconductor memory that can help the CPU run faster.

               2. Memory in the cache is faster than memory in the main memory. 

               3. It saves information for later use. 

               4. The capacity of cache memory is restricted.

               5. It is really costly. 

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

RAM and ROM are the two subcategories of memory and Only the data and instructions on which the computer is presently working are stored in primary memory. 

                1. These are memories made of semiconductors. 

                2. The primary memory is what it's called Main Memory. 

                3. Memory that is usually volatile.     

                4. If the power is turned off, the data is lost. 

                5. It is the computer's working memory. 

                6. Secondary memories are slower than primary memories.  

                7. Without primary memory, a computer cannot function.

 

Secondary Memory

                1. This form of memory is also known as non-volatile memory or external memory.

                2. It operates at a slower rate than the main memory.

                3. Magnetic and optical memory are the two types. 

                4. The backup memory is what it's called Secondary Memory.

                5. It's a non-volatile storage device. 

                6. Even if the power is turned off, data is saved indefinitely. 

                7. It is a type of computer storage device.

                8. The computer can function without the need of secondary memory. 

                9. Primary memories are slower than secondary memories.

Random Access Memory

               1. RAM (Random Access Memory) is the CPU's internal memory where data, programmers, and programmer results are stored. 

               2. RAM is volatile, which means that data stored in it is lost when the computer is turned off or if there is a power outage. 

               3. RAM is little, both physically and in terms of the amount of data it can hold. 

               There are two types of RAM.

 

               1. RAM that is static (SRAM)

               2. RAM that is constantly changing (DRAM) 

Read Only Memory

               1. Read Only Memory is referred to as ROM.

               2. We can only read from this memory; we cannot write on it. 

               3. This is a non-volatile form of memory. 

               4. During the manufacturing process, the data is permanently saved in such memories. 

               5. The instructions needed to start a computer are stored in a ROM. 

               6. The operation is known as bootstrapping.

               7. ROM chips are utilized in a variety of electrical devices, including computers, washing machines, and microwave ovens.

Motherboard

                  1. The motherboard is a single platform that connects all of the computer's components.

                  2. It directly or via cables connects the CPU, RAM, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards.

                  3. It can be thought of as a computer's backbone. 

The popular motherboard manufacturers are listed below. 

                   1. Intel 

                   2. ASUS

                   3. AOpen

                   4. Gigabyte

                   5. MSI , etc..,

Motherboard Characteristics

The features of a motherboard are as follows

                1. The ability of a motherboard to accommodate various types of components varies substantially.

                2. A single kind of CPU and a limited number of memory types are supported by the motherboard.

                 3. To work effectively, video cards, hard discs, and sound cards must be compatible with the motherboard. 

                    4. To work successfully, motherboards, casings, and power supplies must all be compatible. 

Memory Units

                  The storage unit's memory unit is the quantity of data that can be stored in it. Bytes are used to measure the storage capacity.

Bits

       A binary digit is a logical 0 or 1 that indicates whether a component in an electric circuit is in the passive or active state.

Nibble

        The term nibble refers to a collection of four bits.

Byte

        A byte is a collection of eight bits. The smallest unit that can represent a data item or a character is a byte.

Word

                 1. A computer word, like a byte, is a collection of a fixed number of bits processed as a unit that changes from computer to computer but is constant for each. 

                 2. Word-size or word length refers to the length of a computer word. 

                 3. It might be as little as 8 bits long or as long as 96 bits long. Computer words are used to store information in a computer. 

The following table lists some higher storage units

                 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes 

                 Megabyte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB

 

                 GigaByte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB

 

                 TeraByte (TB) 1 TB = 1024 GB 

                 PetaByte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB 

   

Ports

      A port is a physical docking point for connecting an external device to a computer.

Ports' Characteristics

The following are the features of a port: 

                 1. Cables and ports are used to connect external devices to a computer. 

           2. Ports are slots on the motherboard where an external device's cable can be plugged in.

                3. The mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, and other external devices connected via ports are examples.

Serial Port

                1. External modems and older computer mice use the serial port. 

                2. There are two models: 9 pin and 25 pin. 

                3. The data is transmitted at a speed of 115 kilobits per second. 

Parallel Ports

                1. Scanners and printers use it.

                2. Also known as a printer port .

                3. Model with 25 pins.

PS/2 Ports

                 1. PS/2 Ports are used to connect obsolete computer keyboards and mice.

                 2. Also known as a mouse port.

                 3. Most older computers have two PS/2 ports, one for the mouse and one for the keyboard.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port

                  1. It can connect to a wide range of external USB devices, including external hard drives, printers, scanners, mice, and keyboards.

                  2. The majority of computers have at least two USB ports. 

                  3. Data is transmitted at a rate of 12 megabits per second. 

                  4. A USB port can provide electricity to USB compliant devices.

VGA port

                  1. The VGA port connects the monitor to the video card on the computer. 

                  2. There are 15 holes in it. Connects monitor to a computer's video card. 

                  3. Similar to the serial port connector.

                  4. However, serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes. 

Power Connector 

                 1. Plug with three prongs for power. 

                 2. Connects to a power bar or wall socket via the computer's power line.

Ethernet Port

                 1. An Ethernet port allows you to connect to a network and the Internet at high speeds. 

                 2. Connects a computer to a network cable. 

                 3. An Ethernet Card houses this port.

                 4. Depending on the network bandwidth, data moves at speeds ranging from 10 megabits per second to 1000 megabits per second. 

DVI (Digital Visual Interface) port

                 1. Connects the computer's high-end video graphic cards to the flat panel LCD monitor.

                 2. Among video card manufacturers, it is extremely popular.